Quick Answer
Caribou migrate seasonally in the tundra due to the need for food, water, and suitable terrain. They travel to areas with lush vegetation, such as lichens and berries, which are scarce during the harsh winter months. This seasonal movement helps them survive the tundra's extreme conditions.
Tundra Terrain and Permafrost
The tundra’s permafrost, which is ground that remains frozen for two or more consecutive years, presents significant challenges for caribou. As the permafrost thaws, it can create waterlogged terrain that is difficult for the animals to traverse. In these areas, caribou can become stuck or injured, making it crucial for them to find areas with more solid ground.
Food Availability and Lichen Harvesting
During the summer months, caribou migrate to areas with an abundance of lichens and berries. They follow specific routes, often guided by the position of the sun and the landscape features, to reach these food sources. In a single day, a caribou can consume up to 2.5 kilograms of lichens, which provide essential nutrients for their survival. To maximize their lichen harvesting, caribou use their sharp hooves to scrape the ground, revealing hidden patches of lichens.
Wind Exposure and Shelter
Caribou also migrate to areas with more shelter from the harsh winds that sweep across the tundra. These winds can reach speeds of up to 50 kilometers per hour, making it difficult for the animals to breathe. By finding areas with more trees or rocky outcroppings, caribou can reduce their exposure to the wind and find some respite from the extreme conditions. In areas with limited shelter, caribou will often huddle together in large groups, sharing body heat to conserve energy and stay warm.
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