Signs of Hypothermia vs. Shock — How to Differentiate?

Recognizing Hypothermia

Hypothermia occurs when the body loses heat faster than it can produce it. In cold environments, this can happen quickly. Recognize hypothermia by observing the following signs: shallow breathing, slow or absent pulse, confusion, loss of coordination, and dilated pupils. A person with hypothermia may shiver uncontrollably, even if their body temperature is low. This is because the body tries to generate heat by shivering.

Use the Helsinki criteria to diagnose hypothermia: A body temperature below 95°F (35°C) with symptoms like confusion, loss of coordination, or shivering.

Diagnosing Shock

Shock occurs when the body’s circulatory system fails to deliver adequate blood flow to vital organs. This can be caused by severe blood loss, severe burns, or severe dehydration. Diagnose shock by observing the following signs: pale or cool skin, rapid heartbeat, shallow breathing, and altered mental status. A person in shock may feel anxious, uneasy, or confused.

Use the Shock Index to diagnose shock: If the heart rate is above 103 beats per minute and the systolic blood pressure is below 70 mmHg, or if the heart rate is above 129 beats per minute and the systolic blood pressure is below 90 mmHg, the person is in shock.

Treating Hypothermia and Shock

Treating hypothermia and shock requires different approaches. For hypothermia, use passive rewarming techniques such as removing wet clothing, providing a warm shelter, and using blankets. For shock, use active rewarming techniques such as administering warm IV fluids, and in severe cases, using a defibrillator.

In both cases, prioritize the person’s airway, breathing, and circulation (ABCs). If you’re not a medical professional, call for emergency assistance immediately.