Quick Answer
Mule deer in arid climates primarily feed on shrubs, grasses, and trees, with a focus on high-protein food sources. Their diet is often limited to whatever is available in the dry, desert environment. Desert plants with high water content are a crucial component of their diet.
Desert Shrubs
Mule deer rely heavily on shrubs in arid climates, particularly those with high moisture content. Key plants include mesquite (Prosopis velutina), palo verde (Cercidium floralia), and creosote bush (Larrea tridentata). Research has shown that mule deer can consume up to 50% of their daily energy needs from these shrubs, which provide essential nutrients during periods of drought.
Grasses and Water Sources
In areas with more abundant grasses, mule deer will feed on a variety of species, including blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis) and buffalo grass (Bouteloua dactyloides). Access to water is crucial, and mule deer will travel long distances to reach reliable water sources, such as springs or arroyos. In dry years, mule deer may also use temporary water sources like animal tracks or recent rainfall.
Tree Leaves and Browse
Mule deer will also browse on tree leaves, particularly those from species like cottonwood (Populus fremontii) and willow (Salix spp.). Browse is an essential component of their diet, providing essential nutrients during periods of high energy demand. Mule deer may travel up to 1 mile to access high-quality browse, and research has shown that they can consume up to 20% of their daily energy needs from these tree leaves.
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