What happens during thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries?

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Causes and Triggers Thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries is often initiated by internal short circuits or electrical overloads, which can be caused by physical damage, manufacturing defects, or high-temperature exposure. These internal short circuits create an uncontrolled flow of electrical current, generating heat and releasing flammable electrolytes. When the internal temperature exceeds 100°C (212°F), the electrolyte can decompose into gases, which can further accelerate the temperature rise.
Consequences and Safety Considerations The consequences of thermal runaway can be severe, including fires, explosions, or releases of toxic gases. In extreme cases, thermal runaway can cause catastrophic damage to the surrounding environment, putting people and property at risk. To mitigate these risks, manufacturers and users must take steps to ensure proper handling, storage, and charging practices. This includes avoiding overcharging, using protective gear, and maintaining a safe distance from the battery during charging.
Detection and Prevention Early detection of thermal runaway can be challenging, but several techniques can help prevent or mitigate its effects. These include using temperature sensors, monitoring battery health, and implementing safety protocols such as overcharge protection and thermal management systems. By understanding the causes and consequences of thermal runaway, manufacturers and users can develop strategies to prevent or minimize its impact and ensure the safe operation of lithium-ion batteries.