Quick Answer
Some batteries freeze in cold weather because water in the electrolyte inside the battery turns to ice, causing a buildup of pressure that can damage the battery.
Causes of Cold-Weather Battery Failure
Batteries that freeze in cold weather often contain a water-based electrolyte, which can freeze at temperatures below 32°F (0°C). When the electrolyte freezes, it expands and can cause the battery casing to rupture, rendering the battery unusable. For example, a typical AA battery can freeze in as little as 15-20 minutes if submerged in water and exposed to temperatures below 14°F (-10°C).
Temperature Ratings and Battery Selection
Some batteries are designed to operate in cold temperatures and are labeled as “cold-weather” or “low-temperature” batteries. These batteries often have a lower electrolyte concentration or use a different electrolyte that is less prone to freezing. When selecting a battery for use in cold weather, look for a battery with a temperature rating of -20°F (-29°C) or lower. For example, the Energizer Ultimate Lithium AA battery has a temperature rating of -40°F (-40°C).
Thawing Frozen Batteries
If a battery has frozen, it is often not possible to thaw it without causing damage. However, if the battery has only partially frozen and the electrolyte has not yet expanded, it may be possible to thaw it by submerging it in warm water. To thaw a frozen battery, submerge it in warm water (around 100°F or 38°C) for several hours. Then, carefully remove the battery from the water and let it dry before attempting to use it. Note that thawing a frozen battery may not restore its original performance.
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