Quick Answer
Terminal velocity of a .17 Remington cartridge is influenced by atmospheric pressure, air density, and the bullet's shape and weight, but also by wind resistance, altitude, and air temperature.
Environmental Factors Affecting Terminal Velocity
Wind resistance is a significant factor in terminal velocity, as it increases drag and reduces the bullet’s speed. At higher altitudes, air density decreases, allowing bullets to travel faster before reaching terminal velocity. A study by the Hornady Manufacturing Company found that a .17 Remington bullet traveling at 3,000 feet per second will reach terminal velocity in approximately 1.5 seconds at an altitude of 5,000 feet, but this time increases to 3.5 seconds at sea level.
Air Temperature and Humidity
Air temperature affects the density of the air, and changes in temperature can significantly impact terminal velocity. For every 10 degrees Fahrenheit change in temperature, the air’s density changes by approximately 4.5 percent. This means that a .17 Remington bullet traveling at 3,000 feet per second will reach terminal velocity approximately 10-15 feet sooner at 80 degrees Fahrenheit than at 50 degrees Fahrenheit. Additionally, high humidity can increase air density, slowing down the bullet’s descent.
Altitude and Atmospheric Pressure
Atmospheric pressure also plays a role in terminal velocity, as it affects air density. At higher altitudes, atmospheric pressure decreases, and air density decreases accordingly. A study by the US Army found that at 20,000 feet, the air density is approximately 0.4 times that at sea level, resulting in a 40 percent reduction in terminal velocity. This can affect the trajectory and accuracy of long-range shots, requiring shooters to adjust their aim and firing technique accordingly.
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