Quick Answer
You should wire solar panels in series when you need a higher voltage output, typically when the total voltage of the solar panels exceeds the maximum allowed input voltage of your charge controller or inverter. This configuration also helps to reduce the number of panels required when you need a higher voltage. However, it limits the total current output.
Understanding Series Wiring
Wiring solar panels in series is a fundamental electrical principle that increases the total voltage of the panel array while reducing the total current. In a series configuration, the positive terminal of one panel is connected to the negative terminal of the next panel, creating a single path for electrons to flow. This configuration is ideal when you need a higher voltage output, typically 24V, 48V, or higher.
Voltage Increase Calculations
To determine the total voltage of a series circuit, you simply add the individual voltages of the solar panels. For example, if you have two 12V solar panels wired in series, the total voltage would be 24V. When choosing a charge controller or inverter, ensure it can handle the maximum voltage of your series circuit. For instance, if you have a 48V system, select a charge controller with a maximum input voltage of at least 55V.
Current Limitations
While series wiring increases the voltage, it reduces the total current output. To calculate the total current, divide the total current of the individual panels by the number of panels in the series circuit. For instance, if you have two 5A solar panels wired in series, the total current would be 5A / 2 = 2.5A. This reduced current output is a critical consideration when designing a solar panel system, especially when selecting the charge controller or inverter.
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