Quick Answer
If you can't achieve a rolling boil, aim for a minimum of 65°C (149°F) for at least one minute to ensure sufficient water purification. This temperature is effective against most bacteria and viruses.
Alternative Boiling Methods
If you’re unable to achieve a rolling boil, use alternative methods to purify water. One approach is to bring the water to a simmer, where it’s gently bubbling. Hold the water at this temperature for at least 15 minutes to ensure sufficient purification. Another method is to use a pasteurization technique, where you heat the water to 71°C (160°F) and hold it for 30 minutes. This method is effective against most bacteria and viruses.
Using a Solar Still or Other Devices
In cases where fire is not possible, consider using a solar still or other water purification devices. A solar still can be created using a container, a rock, and a piece of plastic. Place the plastic over the container, weigh down the edges with the rock, and collect the purified water that drips out. This method can be effective, but its efficiency depends on the climate and sunlight.
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